PPSC Parole/Probation Officer (BS-16) Past Paper 2022 Solved Solved MCQs

Correct Answer: Criminal Anthropology

Criminal anthropology studies the relationship between physical characteristics and criminal behavior, pioneered by Cesare Lombroso.

Correct Answer: Organized crime

Human trafficking is classified as a transnational organized crime involving the exploitation of individuals for profit.

Correct Answer: All of these

White-collar crime refers to financially motivated, nonviolent crimes typically committed by business or government professionals.

Correct Answer: Edwin Sutherland

Edwin Sutherland introduced the differential association theory, suggesting criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others.

Correct Answer: August Comte

French philosopher Auguste Comte coined the term 'sociology' in 1838 to describe the scientific study of society.

Correct Answer: Understanding human behavior in broader context of society

The sociological perspective emphasizes seeing the general patterns of society within the behavior of particular individuals.

Correct Answer: Propaganda

Propaganda indirectly manipulates public opinion and attitudes, functioning as a subtle form of social control.

Correct Answer: Customs

Customs and norms are informal tools of social control, dictating behavior without the need for codified laws.

Correct Answer: Imagination

C. Wright Mills coined 'sociological imagination' to describe the ability to connect individual struggles to wider social structures.

Correct Answer: A nomadic group of people who travel with a herd of domesticated animals, which they rely on for food

Pastoral societies base their livelihood exclusively on the rearing and herding of domesticated livestock.

Correct Answer: Agricultural society

The utilization of animal-drawn ploughs scales up farming efficiency, transitioning groups into fully structured agricultural societies.

Correct Answer: None of these

While tabulation is primarily a statistical tool, modern social work research utilizes all these concepts, hence 'None of these' fits the exam key.

Correct Answer: Social and preventive medicine

Medical social work intersects with social and preventive medicine to address the psychosocial aspects of health and disease.

Correct Answer: Both A & B

Counselling in social work can encompass both direct client-facing interventions and indirect collaborative advocacy.

Correct Answer: All of these

The core phases of social casework include psychosocial study, accurate diagnosis, and targeted treatment interventions.

Correct Answer: Ferdinand Tonnies

Ferdinand Tönnies introduced the concepts of Gemeinschaft (community) and Gesellschaft (society) in 1887.

Correct Answer: Identification of problem

The scientific research process universally begins with the identification and formulation of a research problem.

Correct Answer: Both A & B

Social research aims to build theoretical knowledge as well as provide utilitarian solutions to societal problems.

Correct Answer: Operational definition

An operational definition explicitly details how a specific variable will be quantified and measured in a study.

Correct Answer: Intervening variable

An intervening (or mediating) variable facilitates a better understanding of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Correct Answer: Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a proposed, testable statement predicting the relationship between two or more variables.

Correct Answer: Both A & B

Surveys can be quantitative (using numerical scales) or qualitative (using open-ended questions).

Correct Answer: Addressing women's issues with women's perspective

Feminist research centralizes female experiences and perspectives to rectify historical male-dominated biases in academia.

Correct Answer: Snowball sampling

Snowball sampling is a non-probability technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.

Correct Answer: Sorokin

Pitirim Sorokin was a Russian-American sociologist who classified complex sociological phenomena and cultural dynamics.

Correct Answer: Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, which posits that unconscious psychological conflicts cause criminal behavior.

Correct Answer: None of these

Ibn Khaldun used 'umran hadari' (sedentary) and 'umran badawi' (nomadic) to describe life phases, not any of the specified 'losses'.

Correct Answer: August Comte

Auguste Comte believed sociology should be a positivist science governed by natural, invariable laws much like physics.

Correct Answer: Durkheim

Emile Durkheim popularized the concept of 'anomie', which refers to a condition of instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values.

Correct Answer: Max Weber

Max Weber championed 'Verstehen' (empathic understanding) as a vital methodological tool for sociologists to grasp social action.

Correct Answer: Functional

Ibn Khaldun's analysis of social cohesion (Asabiyyah) laid early groundwork for functionalist sociology.

Correct Answer: Urbanization

Industrial urbanization concentrated labor in cities, creating a distinct, powerful working class which inspired Marxist theory.

Correct Answer: Proletariat

In Marxist theory, the proletariat is the working class that does not own the means of production and must sell their labor.

Correct Answer: Community sentiment

Rural communities are characterized by deep community sentiment, informal relationships, and a strong sense of belonging.

Correct Answer: Charagah

In South Asian rural contexts, a 'Charagah' is the dedicated communal grazing land for village livestock.

Correct Answer: Developing

Investments in rural infrastructure transform static agrarian villages into actively developing socio-economic units.

Correct Answer: Both A & B

Traditional farming entails a multitude of tasks including tilling, planting, watering, and harvesting crops.

Correct Answer: Domestic consumption

Subsistence farming yields low production volumes, ensuring output is strictly utilized for the family's domestic consumption.

Correct Answer: Both A & B

Modern farmers prioritize both securing subsistence for themselves and achieving commercial yields for profit.

Correct Answer: Agriculture

The agrarian sector forms the fundamental backbone of village micro-economies worldwide.

Correct Answer: Face to face Interaction

Due to smaller populations and tight-knit structures, face-to-face primary interactions dominate rural societies.

Correct Answer: Agriculture

Agriculture is the dominant primary occupation defining the socio-economic life of rural inhabitants.

Correct Answer: All of these

Rural sociology informs policy by exploring agricultural knowledge, integrating technology, and driving rural reforms.

Correct Answer: Homogeneity

Rural societies traditionally display high homogeneity, sharing uniform occupational, cultural, and social traits.

Correct Answer: Cultural diffusion

Cultural diffusion is the sociological process by which cultural traits, beliefs, and practices spread from one group to another.

Correct Answer: Cultural lag

Cultural lag occurs when material culture (technology) advances faster than non-material culture (societal adoption and norms).

Correct Answer: All of these

Culture constantly evolves through three primary mechanisms: inventions, discoveries, and cultural diffusion.

Correct Answer: Low

Cultural lag is primarily caused by rapid technological invention. If inventions decrease, the gap (lag) between technology and social norms remains low.

Correct Answer: Folkways

Folkways are the informal, everyday customs and socially approved routines of a culture, like meeting friends for tea.

Correct Answer: Cultural lag

William Ogburn termed the disparity between the fast evolution of material culture and the slower adaptation of non-material culture as 'cultural lag'.

Correct Answer: Humanism

The concept of civil welfare rights is deeply rooted in humanism, which emphasizes the value and agency of human beings.

Correct Answer: Public administration

While it is a method of social work, in institutional contexts it operates directly as a branch of public administration executing welfare policy.

Correct Answer: Women

In Pakistan, Darul-Aman (House of Peace) facilities serve as state-run shelters primarily for distressed or abused women.

Correct Answer: Rural health center

Governments construct Rural Health Centers (RHCs) specifically to provide centralized medical access for village populations.

Correct Answer: Upward mobility

Upward mobility specifies a vertical movement resulting in a higher socioeconomic status.

Correct Answer: Social mobility

Social mobility represents the shift of individuals or groups between different social tiers or economic strata.

Correct Answer: C Wright Mills

C. Wright Mills published 'The Sociological Imagination' in 1959, urging individuals to link personal troubles with broader public issues.

Correct Answer: John M. Gillette

John M. Gillette is often credited with structuring the field and writing one of the earliest definitive textbooks on rural sociology in 1913.

Correct Answer: All of these

Social institutions like family, economy, and education collaborate to provide for human survival and psychological development.

Correct Answer: Social Institutions

Social institutions (e.g., family, education, government) are established systems designated to meet the essential needs of a society.

Correct Answer: Market

The agricultural market acts as the core intermediary nexus where rural farmers sell to urban capitalists and distributors.

Correct Answer: None of these

This specific demographic shift is termed 'urbanization' or 'rural flight', none of which are listed in the primary options.

Correct Answer: Improve their living standard

Economic migration across borders is predominantly driven by the desire to attain better jobs and higher living standards.

Correct Answer: Both A & B

Modern industrial agriculture focuses simultaneously on maximizing physical crop yields and optimizing financial margins.

Correct Answer: Venezuela

Venezuela possesses the world's largest proven oil reserves, surpassing even Saudi Arabia.

Correct Answer: 1917

The Russian Revolution initiated in 1917, dismantling the Tsarist autocracy and culminating in the rise of the Soviet Union.

Correct Answer: Russia

The Bolshevik Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin in 1917, seized power in Russia and established a communist state.

Correct Answer: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

UNICEF was originally named the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, created to aid youth in post-WWII Europe.

Correct Answer: 1946

The United Nations General Assembly officially created UNICEF on December 11, 1946.

Correct Answer: USA

The United States is currently the largest crude oil producer globally, largely due to advancements in shale fracking.

Correct Answer: China

In 2020, China unprecedentedly dropped its annual economic growth target due to the vast uncertainties of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Correct Answer: Brussels

Brussels is the capital of Belgium and also serves as the de facto capital of the European Union.

Correct Answer: Deductive

Deductive reasoning starts with a broad general principle and applies it to derive specific conclusions.

Correct Answer: Inductive

Inductive reasoning builds from specific, detailed observations to formulate broader generalizations and theories.

Correct Answer: Seeds

Just as tea is brewed directly from harvested leaves, coffee is brewed from the roasted seeds (beans) of the coffee plant.

Correct Answer: Two

Bivariate data involves exactly two different variables used to determine if a relationship exists between them.

Correct Answer: 4 hours and 45 mins

Time for walk + ride = 6.25 hrs. Walk both ways = 7.75 hrs (Walk 1 way = 3.875). Ride 1 way = 6.25 - 3.875 = 2.375. Ride both ways = 4.75 hrs.

Correct Answer: 1/3

Reduction formula is [r / (100 + r)]. [50 / 150] simplifies to 1/3 reduction required to balance expenditure.

Correct Answer: Hyderabad

Hyderabad was the most populous and wealthiest princely state in British India prior to partition.

Correct Answer: Lahore

Lahore is the historical and administrative capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab.

Correct Answer: 6 years

Senators in Pakistan are elected for a term of six years, with half of the Senate retiring every three years.

Correct Answer: Junaid Jamshaid

Junaid Jamshed, the former lead vocalist of Vital Signs, famously renounced his music career in 2004 to focus on religion.

Correct Answer: Rawalpindi

Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated during a public meeting at Company Bagh (now Liaquat Bagh) in Rawalpindi in 1951.

Correct Answer: Linda Yaccarino

Linda Yaccarino was appointed CEO of X (formerly Twitter) by owner Elon Musk, succeeding Parag Agrawal.

Correct Answer: 3.785

The US liquid gallon is legally defined as 231 cubic inches, which converts exactly to 3.785411784 liters.

Correct Answer: Carbon

Diamond and graphite are the two most common naturally occurring crystalline allotropes of pure carbon.

Correct Answer: None of these

Standard Microsoft PowerPoint usually offers 9 to 11 default slide layouts, not the higher numbers listed.

Correct Answer: Douglas Engelbart

Douglas Engelbart invented the first computer mouse in the 1960s at the Stanford Research Institute.

Correct Answer: Antivirus

Antivirus software actively scans, detects, and removes malicious code and computer viruses from the system.

Correct Answer: Cyber crime

Crimes involving computers and digital networks are universally classified under the umbrella of cyber crime.

Correct Answer: Hacking

Hacking involves gaining unauthorized access to computer systems, constituting a direct form of cyber crime.

Correct Answer: Memo

In older versions of MS Access, the 'Memo' (now 'Long Text') data type was specifically used for storing lengthy alphanumeric data.

Correct Answer: None of these

A single field in MS Access is strictly assigned exactly one specific data type at a time.

Correct Answer: of

The verb 'deprive' is idiomatically followed by the preposition 'of'.

Correct Answer: These/my

'These' is used for proximal plural objects, and 'my' is the correct possessive adjective modifying 'grandmother'.

Correct Answer: Underground passage

A subway is structurally defined as an underground railway system or a subterranean pedestrian passage.

Correct Answer: had already done

The past perfect 'had already done' is required here to indicate an action completed before another past action ('came home').

Correct Answer: Quratulain Haider

'Akhir-e-Shab Ke Humsafar' is a highly celebrated classic Urdu novel penned by the acclaimed writer Qurratulain Hyder.

Correct Answer: یحییٰ امان

The classical Urdu poet Syed Qalandar Bakhsh Jurrat's actual original name was Yahya Aman.

Correct Answer: 02 Hijri

The divine commandment obligating Jihad (armed struggle in defense) was revealed during the 2nd year of Hijrah, leading up to the Battle of Badr.